The 12 Jyotirlingams are revered as radiant manifestations of Lord Shiva, listed in the Shiva Purana. Their "builders" fall into two categories: divine/mythological origins for the lingams themselves and human builders for the temples housing them. Here’s a breakdown:
1. Somnath (Saurashtra, Gujarat)
Mythological Origin: The lingam is said to be self-manifested or installed by Lord Chandra (the Moon God), who worshipped Shiva here to lift a curse.
Temple Builder: The original temple’s builder is unknown. Historical records show it was rebuilt multiple times after destructions (e.g., by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1026 CE). The current temple was reconstructed in 1951 by Vallabhbhai Patel and the Government of India.
Note: No single ancient human builder is identified; it evolved over millennia.
2. Mallikarjuna (Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh)
Mythological Origin: Self-manifested; linked to Shiva and Parvati’s son Kartikeya, who resided here.
Temple Builder: Early structure attributed to the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–3rd century CE), with major expansions by the Chalukyas (7th century) and Vijayanagara kings (14th–16th centuries). No specific individual is named for the original.
Note: Likely a collective effort over centuries.
3. Mahakaleshwar (Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh)
Mythological Origin: Swayambhu; tied to Shiva as the destroyer of time (Mahakal).
Temple Builder: Unknown original builder. The current temple dates to the 18th century, rebuilt by the Maratha general Ranoji Scindia after earlier structures were destroyed. Pre-Maratha origins are unclear.
Note: Ancient site, but no founding individual is recorded.
4. Omkareshwar (Madhya Pradesh)
Mythological Origin: Self-manifested; linked to Shiva granting a boon to the Vindhya mountain.
Temple Builder: Unknown original builder. The temple on an island in the Narmada River has contributions from the Paramara dynasty (9th–13th centuries), but the first constructor isn’t specified.
Note: Natural lingam shape in the river adds to its divine origin story.
5. Kedarnath (Uttarakhand)
Mythological Origin: Built by the Pandavas (Mahabharata) to atone for sins after the Kurukshetra war, blessed by Shiva as a Jyotirlingam.
Temple Builder: Tradition credits the Pandavas, but historically, the stone temple is dated to the 8th century CE, possibly by the Katyuri dynasty or Adi Shankaracharya (who revived it). No definitive builder is confirmed.
Note: High-altitude site suggests gradual development.
6. Bhimashankar (Maharashtra)
Mythological Origin: Self-manifested; tied to Shiva slaying the demon Bhima.
Temple Builder: Unknown original builder. The current temple has additions from the Yadava dynasty (13th century) and Maratha rulers (18th century, e.g., Nana Phadnavis). Earlier origins are obscure.
Note: Multiple sites claim to be Bhimashankar, but the Maharashtra one is widely accepted.
7. Vishwanath (Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)
Mythological Origin: Swayambhu; Shiva’s eternal abode as Lord of the Universe.
Temple Builder: The original temple’s builder is unknown. The current Kashi Vishwanath Temple was rebuilt in 1780 by Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore after repeated destructions (e.g., by Aurangzeb). Ancient origins predate recorded history.
Note: Sacred site for millennia, with no single founder.
8. Trimbakeshwar (Nashik, Maharashtra)
Mythological Origin: Self-manifested; linked to the origin of the Godavari River via Gautama Rishi’s penance.
Temple Builder: Rebuilt in 1755–1789 by Peshwa Balaji Bajirao (Nanasaheb). The original builder is unknown, with earlier structures likely from the Yadava period (11th–13th centuries).
Note: Black stone temple reflects later construction.
9. Baidyanath (Deoghar, Jharkhand)
Mythological Origin: Installed by Ravana, who brought the lingam from Kailash after intense penance.
Temple Builder: Unknown original builder. The current temple has contributions from local rulers like the Gidhaur dynasty (16th century), but its foundation is untraced.
Note: Also called Vaidyanath; its Jyotirlingam status is debated with other claimants.
10. Nageshwar (Dwarka, Gujarat)
Mythological Origin: Self-manifested; tied to Shiva saving devotees from the demon Daruka.
Temple Builder: Unknown original builder. The current temple was rebuilt in the 20th century, with earlier structures uncredited.
Note: Location disputed (some claim Aundha, Maharashtra), but Dwarka is prominent.
11. Ramanathaswamy (Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu)
Mythological Origin: Installed by Lord Rama, as discussed earlier.
Temple Builder: No known original human builder. Pandya dynasty (12th century) began the stone structure, with Sethupathi kings (17th century) adding corridors. See my previous response for details.
Note: Divine origin overshadows human construction.
12. Grishneshwar (Ellora, Maharashtra)
Mythological Origin: Self-manifested; linked to a devotee named Ghushma whose prayers revived her son.
Temple Builder: Rebuilt in the 18th century by Ahilyabai Holkar. Earlier temple origins (possibly Chalukya or Yadava, 7th–13th centuries) lack a named builder.
Note: Near the Kailasa Temple, but distinct.
Key Insights:
Divine Origins: The lingams themselves are not "built" by humans but are swayambhu or installed by divine/mythical figures (e.g., Rama, Ravana, Pandavas). This is central to their sanctity.
Human Temples: The temples housing them were constructed or rebuilt by various dynasties (Pandya, Chalukya, Maratha, etc.), often centuries after the lingams were revered. However:
Unknown Original Builders: For most, the first human constructor isn’t recorded due to antiquity, lost records, or gradual development.
Later Patrons: Named individuals like Ahilyabai Holkar or Peshwa rulers appear only in later reconstructions, not origins.
Collective Effort: Even where rulers are credited, the actual work involved architects, artisans, and communities—rarely a single person.
Answer:
Who Built the 12 Jyotirlingams?: The lingams are mythologically self-manifested or divinely installed (e.g., by Rama, Ravana, Pandavas). The original temples’ builders are mostly unknown, with historical construction attributed broadly to ancient dynasties (e.g., Pandya, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta) and later renovations by figures like Ahilyabai Holkar (18th century) or modern efforts (Somnath, 1951). No single individual is definitively named for any original Jyotirlingam temple.